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States, Federation of American Scientists, July 15, 1998, executive summary,
http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/index.html (accessed October
30, 2006). The report accomplished the goal of its congressional sponsors: to
create the basis for revived efforts and spending on national missile defense
programs. The space commission served a similar purpose and reached sim-
ilar kinds of conclusions: Advocates for national missile defenses argued that
an effective system would be largely based in space. Thus, the commission
found that it was in the U.S. national interests to . . . develop and deploy the
means to deter and defend against hostile acts directed at U.S. space assets
and against the uses of space hostile to U.S. interests ; U.S. Department of
Defense, Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security
Space Management and Organization, January 11, 2001, http://www.
defenselink.mil/pubs/space20010111.html (accessed October 30, 2006).
23. Mike Ferullo, Bush Meets with Defense Leaders, CNN.com, January
10, 2001; Gary Schmitt and Tom Donnelly, Spend More on Defense
Now, Weekly Standard, January 22, 2001, 25.
24. U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report,
September 2001, iii, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf#
search=%222001%20QDR%22 (accessed October 30, 2006).
25. Ibid, v.
26. Ibid, 17 22.
27. Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, January 2005.
28. George W. Bush, President Delivers State of the Union Address
(speech, Washington, D.C., The White House, Office of the Press Secretary,
January 29, 2002), http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/
20020129-11.html (accessed November 14, 2006).
29. George W. Bush, The 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: The White House, September 2002), 7, http://www.
whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf (accessed November 14, 2006).
30. George W. Bush, President s Remarks to the Nation (speech,
Washington, D.C., The White House, Office of the Press Secretary,
September 11, 2002), http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/
20020911-3.html (accessed November 14, 2006).
31. Andrew Krepinevich, Operation Iraqi Freedom: A First-Blush Assessment
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2003), i.
32. Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting, Camp
Buehring, Kuwait, December 8, 2004, http://www.defenselink.mil/
transcripts/2004/tr20041208-secdef1761.html (accessed November 14,
2006).
150 NOTES TO PAGES 24 26
33. The Bush administration has chosen to meet the personnel demands of
extended occupation duties in Iraq and Afghanistan by relying far more heav-
ily on reserve component forces than in previous years while restricting
growth of the active-duty Army and continuing to reduce the size of the other
services, including the Marine Corps. Through the 1990s, reservists totaled
about 12.5 million man-days of duty annually, whereas by 2003 the total
had jumped to 63 million man-days and has remained at similarly high lev-
els; see Christine E. Wormuth, The Future of the National Guard and Reserves
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, July
2006), xv. To be sure, the response of the reserve components has been
exemplary, but constant employment of these troops and units is not what
they were designed for nor what reservists signed up for.
34. For a more thorough discussion of Army equipment needs, see Lawrence
J. Korb, Loren B. Thompson, and Carolyn P. Wadhams, Army Equipment after
Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress, 2006). The Army s
National Guard has also been substantially affected in this regard: More than
64,000 pieces of equipment have been left behind in Iraq, contributing to a $24
billion equipment shortfall as Guard units have only an estimated one-third of
their essential gear on hand, according to the Government Accountability
Office ; Ann Scott Tyson, Possible Iraq Deployments Would Stretch Reserve
Force, Washington Post, November 5, 2005, A1. See also Gary J. Schmitt, Of
Men and Materiel: The Crisis in Defense Spending, National Security Outlook,
American Enterprise Institute, November 2006, http://www.aei.org/docLib/
20061103_200611NSOg.pdf (accessed December 1, 2006).
35. U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report,
February 6, 2006, 9, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/QDR20060203
.pdf (accessed October 30, 2006).
36. Ibid., 10
37. George W. Bush, President Addresses Nation, Discusses Iraq, War on
Terror (speech, Washington, D.C., The White House, June 28, 2005),
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050628-7.html
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